为了尝试深入理解java流和拆分器，我有一些关于拆分器特性的微妙问题:

In order to try to deeply understand java streams and spliterators, I have some subtle questions about spliterator characteristics:

Q1:Stream.empty() vs Stream.of()(Stream.of() 不带参数)

Q1: Stream.empty() vs Stream.of() (Stream.of() without args)

Stream.empty(): SUBSIZED, SIZEDStream.of():SUBSIZED、IMMUTABLE、SIZED、ORDERED

为什么Stream.empty()没有Stream.of()的相同特性?请注意，与 Stream.concat() 结合使用时会产生影响(特别是没有 ORDERED).我想说的是，Stream.empty() 不仅应该有 IMMUTABLE 和 ORDERED，还应该有 DISTINCT 和 NONNULL.Stream.of() 只有一个参数具有 DISTICT 也是有意义的.

Why Stream.empty() doesn't have the same characteristics of Stream.of()? Note that it has impacts when using in conjunction with Stream.concat() (specially not having ORDERED). I would say that Stream.empty() should have not just IMMUTABLE and ORDERED but also DISTINCT and NONNULL. Also it make sense Stream.of() with only one argument having DISTICT.

Q2:LongStream.of() 没有 NONNULL

Q2: LongStream.of() not having NONNULL

刚刚注意到 LongStream.of 中没有 NONNULL.NONNULL不是所有LongStreams、IntStreams和DoubleStreams的主要特征吗?

Just noticed that NONNULL is not available in LongStream.of. Isn't NONNULL a main characteristics of all LongStreams, IntStreams and DoubleStreams?

Q3:LongStream.range(,) vs LongStream.range(,).boxed()

Q3: LongStream.range(,) vs LongStream.range(,).boxed()

LongRange.range(,):SUBSIZED、IMMUTABLE、NONNULL、SIZED、ORDERED、SORTED、DISTINCT>LongStream.range(,).boxed():SUBSIZED、SIZED、ORDERED LongRange.range(,): SUBSIZED, IMMUTABLE, NONNULL, SIZED, ORDERED, SORTED, DISTINCT LongStream.range(,).boxed(): SUBSIZED, SIZED, ORDERED

为什么 .boxed() 会失去所有这些特征?它不应该丢失任何东西.

Why .boxed() loses all these characteristics? It shouldn't lose any.

我了解 .mapToObj() 可能会丢失 NONNULL、IMMUTABLE 和 DISTICT，但 .boxed()... 不会没有意义.

I understand that .mapToObj() can lose the NONNULL, IMMUTABLE and DISTICT, but .boxed()... doesn't make sense.

Q4:.peek() 丢失 IMMUTABLE 和 NONNULL

Q4: .peek() loses IMMUTABLE and NONNULL

LongStream.of(1): SUBSIZED, IMMUTABLE, NONNULL, SIZED, ...LongStream.of(1).peek(): SUBSIZED, SIZED, ...

为什么 .peek() 会失去这些特征?.peek 不应该真的丢失任何东西.

Why .peek() loses these characteristics? .peek shouldn't really lose any.

Q5:.skip()、.limit() 丢失SUBSIZED、IMMUTABLE、NONNULL、SIZED

Q5: .skip(), .limit() loses SUBSIZED, IMMUTABLE, NONNULL, SIZED

请注意，这些操作会丢失SUBSIZED、IMMUTABLE、NONNULL、SIZED.为什么?如果尺寸可用，那么最终尺寸也很容易计算出来.

Just notice that these operations loses SUBSIZED, IMMUTABLE, NONNULL, SIZED. Why? If the size is available, then it's easy to calculate the final size as well.

Q6:.filter() 丢失 IMMUTABLE, NONNULL

Q6: .filter() loses IMMUTABLE, NONNULL

请注意，此操作也会丢失SUBSIZED、IMMUTABLE、NONNULL、SIZED.丢失 SUBSIZED 和 SIZED 是有意义的，但其他两个没有意义.为什么?

Just notice that this operations loses as well SUBSIZED, IMMUTABLE, NONNULL, SIZED. It make sense to lose SUBSIZED and SIZED, but the others two doesn't make sense. Why?

如果有人对拆分器有深入的了解，我将不胜感激.谢谢.

I will appreciate if someone that understands deeply the spliterator could bring some clarity. Thanks.

推荐答案

我不得不承认我在第一次尝试找出特征的实际含义时也遇到了困难，并且感觉它们的含义没有明确在 Java 8 的实施阶段，因此使用不一致.

I have to admit that I had difficulties too when I first tried to find out the actual meaning of the characteristics and had the feeling that their meaning was not clearly settled during the implementation phase of Java 8 and is used inconsistently for that reason.

考虑 Spliterator.IMMUTABLE:

表示元素源不能被结构修改的特征值；即元素不能被添加、替换或删除，因此在遍历过程中不会发生这种变化.

Characteristic value signifying that the element source cannot be structurally modified; that is, elements cannot be added, replaced, or removed, so such changes cannot occur during traversal.

在这个列表中看到replaced"很奇怪，当谈到 List 或数组时，通常不将其视为结构修改，因此，流和拆分器工厂接受数组(即未克隆)报告 IMMUTABLE，如 LongStream.of(…) 或 Arrays.spliterator(long[]).

It’s strange to see "replaced" in this list, which is usually not considered a structural modification when speaking of a List or an array and consequently, stream and spliterator factories accepting an array (that is not cloned) report IMMUTABLE, like LongStream.of(…) or Arrays.spliterator(long[]).

如果我们更宽泛地解释为只要客户端无法观察到"，那么 CONCURRENT 就没有显着差异，因为在任何一种情况下 some 元素都会被报告给客户端，而无法识别它们是在遍历过程中添加的，还是由于删除而未报告的，因为没有办法回退拆分器并进行比较.

If we interpret this more generously as "as long as not observable by the client", there is no significant difference to CONCURRENT, as in either case some elements will be reported to the client without any way to recognize whether they were added during traversal or whether some were unreported due to removal, as there is no way to rewind a spliterator and compare.

规范继续:

不报告 IMMUTABLE 或 CONCURRENT 的 Spliterator 应具有关于检测到结构干扰的文档化策略(例如抛出 ConcurrentModificationException)在遍历期间.

A Spliterator that does not report IMMUTABLE or CONCURRENT is expected to have a documented policy (for example throwing ConcurrentModificationException) concerning structural interference detected during traversal.

这是唯一相关的事情，报告 IMMUTABLE 或 CONCURRENT 的分离器保证永远不会抛出 ConcurrentModificationException.当然，CONCURRENT 在语义上排除了 SIZED，但这对客户端代码没有影响.

And that’s the only relevant thing, a spliterator reporting either, IMMUTABLE or CONCURRENT, is guaranteed to never throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Of course, CONCURRENT precludes SIZED semantically, but that has no consequence to the client code.

事实上，这些特性并没有用于 Stream API 中的任何内容，因此，不一致地使用它们永远不会在某处引起注意.

In fact, these characteristics are not used for anything in the Stream API, hence, using them inconsistently would never get noticed somewhere.

这也解释了为什么每个中间操作都有清除CONCURRENT、IMMUTABLE和NONNULL 特性:Stream 实现不使用它们，并且其表示流状态的内部类不维护它们.

This is also the explanation why every intermediate operation has the effect of clearing the CONCURRENT, IMMUTABLE and NONNULL characteristics: the Stream implementation doesn’t use them and its internal classes representing the stream state do not maintain them.

同样，NONNULL 不会在任何地方使用，因此对于某些流来说，它的缺失没有任何影响.我可以将 LongStream.of(…) 问题追溯到 Arrays.spliterator(long[], int, int) 的内部使用，它委托给Spliterators.spliterator (long[] array, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int additionalCharacteristics):

Likewise, NONNULL is not used anywhere, so it’s absence for certain streams has no effect. I could track down the LongStream.of(…) issue down to the internal use of Arrays.spliterator(long[], int, int) which delegates to Spliterators.spliterator​(long[] array, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int additionalCharacteristics):

返回的拆分器总是报告特征 SIZED 和 SUBSIZED.调用者可以为拆分器提供额外的特性来报告.(例如，如果知道数组不会被进一步修改，指定IMMUTABLE；如果认为数组数据有遇到顺序，指定ORDERED).经常可以使用 Arrays.spliterator(long[], int, int) 方法，它返回一个拆分器，报告 SIZED, SUBSIZED、IMMUTABLE 和 ORDERED.

The returned spliterator always reports the characteristics SIZED and SUBSIZED. The caller may provide additional characteristics for the spliterator to report. (For example, if it is known the array will not be further modified, specify IMMUTABLE; if the array data is considered to have an encounter order, specify ORDERED). The method Arrays.spliterator(long[], int, int) can often be used instead, which returns a spliterator that reports SIZED, SUBSIZED, IMMUTABLE, and ORDERED.

注意(再次)IMMUTABLE 特性的不一致使用.它再次被视为必须保证没有任何修改，同时，Arrays.spliterator 和 Arrays.stream 和 LongStream.of(…) 将报告 IMMUTABLE 特性，即使按照规范，也不能保证调用者不会修改他们的数组.除非我们考虑将元素设置为不进行结构修改，否则整个区别再次变得毫无意义，因为数组不能进行结构修改.

Note (again) the inconsistent use of the IMMUTABLE characteristic. It is again treated like having to guaranty the absence of any modification, while at the same time, Arrays.spliterator and in turn Arrays.stream and LongStream.of(…) will report the IMMUTABLE characteristic, even by specification, without being able to guaranty that the caller won’t modify their array. Unless we consider setting an element not to be a structural modification, but then, the entire distinction becomes nonsensical again, as arrays can’t be structurally modified.

而且它明确指定没有 NONNULL 特征.虽然很明显原始值不能为 null，并且 Spliterator.AbstractSpliterator 类总是注入 NONNULL 特性，Spliterators.spliterator (long[],int,int,int) 返回的拆分器不继承自 Spliterator.AbstractLongSpliterator.

And it clearly specified no NONNULLcharacteristic. While it is obvious that primitive values can’t be null, and the Spliterator.Abstract<Primitive>Spliterator classes invariably inject a NONNULL characteristic, the spliterator returned by Spliterators.spliterator​(long[],int,int,int) does not inherit from Spliterator.AbstractLongSpliterator.

不好的是，不改变规范是无法解决的，好的是，无论如何它没有任何后果.

The bad thing is, this can’t be fixed without changing the specification, the good thing is, it has no consequences anyway.

因此，如果我们忽略任何与 CONCURRENT、IMMUTABLE 或 NONNULL 相关的问题，这些问题不会产生任何后果，那么我们就有

So if we ignore any issues with CONCURRENT, IMMUTABLE, or NONNULL, which have no consequences, we have

SIZED 和 skip &限制.这是一个众所周知的问题，它是 Stream API 实现 skip 和 limit 方式的结果.其他实现是可以想象的.这也适用于无限流与 limit 的组合，它应该具有可预测的大小，但鉴于当前的实现，还没有.

SIZED and skip & limit. This is a well known issue, result of the way skip and limit have been implemented by the Stream API. Other implementations are imaginable. This also applies to the combination of an infinite stream with a limit, which should have a predictable size, but given the current implementation, has not.

结合 Stream.concat(…) 与 Stream.empty().空流不对结果顺序施加约束听起来很合理.但是Stream.concat(…)在只有一个输入无序的情况下释放顺序的行为值得商榷.请注意，在订购方面过于激进并不是什么新鲜事，请参阅此问答，了解首先被认为是故意的行为，但是然后一直到 Java 8，更新 60 才被修复.也许，Stream.concat 也应该在这个时候讨论过……

Combining Stream.concat(…) with Stream.empty(). It sounds reasonable that an empty stream does not impose constraints on the result order. But Stream.concat(…)’s behavior of releasing the order when only one input has no order, is questionable. Note that being too aggressive regarding ordering is nothing new, see this Q&A regarding a behavior that was considered intentional first, but then has been fixed as late as Java 8, update 60. Perhaps, Stream.concat should have been discussed right at this point of time too…

.boxed() 的行为很容易解释.当它像 .mapToObj(Long::valueOf) 一样天真地实现时，它会简单地丢失所有知识，因为 mapToObj 不能假设结果仍然是排序的或清楚的.但这已在 Java 9 中得到解决.在那里，LongStream.range(0,10).boxed() 具有 SUBSIZED|SIZED|ORDERED|SORTED|DISTINCT 特性，保持与实施相关的所有特征.

The behavior of .boxed() is easy to explain. When it has been implemented naively like .mapToObj(Long::valueOf), it will simply loose all the knowledge, as mapToObj can not assume that the result is still sorted or distinct. But this has been fixed with Java 9. There, LongStream.range(0,10).boxed() has SUBSIZED|SIZED|ORDERED|SORTED|DISTINCT characteristics, maintaining all characteristics that have relevance to the implementation.